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确保本机创建的IPv4数据包的正确性的方法有哪些？

来源：stackoverflow 2024-02-13 09:42:23 0浏览收藏

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问题内容

概述

我一直在从事一个业余项目，该项目本质上是一个网络故障排除工具。我的目的是加深对网络基础知识的理解，并熟练使用操作系统提供的故障排除工具。

这是一个 CLI 应用程序，它将获取主机名并尝试诊断问题（如果有）。计划是首先实现 ping 和 traceroute，然后根据我的舒适程度逐步实现其他工具。

但是，我的 ping 实现并不准确，因为 IPv4 数据包格式错误。这就是wireshark 必须说的。

1   0.000000    192.168.0.100   142.250.195.132 ICMP    300 Unknown ICMP (obsolete or malformed?)

代码

这是我实现 ping 的方法

<code>package ping

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "net"

    "github.com/pkg/errors"
)

var (
    IcmpProtocolNumber uint8 = 1
    IPv4Version        uint8 = 4
    IPv4IHL            uint8 = 5
    ICMPHeaderType     uint8 = 8
    ICMPHeaderSubtype  uint8 = 0
)

type NativePinger struct {
    SourceIP string
    DestIP   string
}

type ICMPHeader struct {
    Type     uint8
    Code     uint8
    Checksum uint16
}

type ICMPPacket struct {
    Header  ICMPHeader
    Payload interface{}
}

type IPv4Header struct {
    SourceIP       string
    DestinationIP  string
    Length         uint16
    Identification uint16
    FlagsAndOffset uint16
    Checksum       uint16
    VersionIHL     uint8
    DSCPAndECN     uint8
    TTL            uint8
    Protocol       uint8
}

type IPv4Packet struct {
    Header  IPv4Header
    Payload *ICMPPacket
}

func (p *NativePinger) createIPv4Packet() (*IPv4Packet, error) {
    versionIHL := (IPv4Version << 4) | IPv4IHL

    icmpPacket := &ICMPPacket{
        Header: ICMPHeader{
            Type: ICMPHeaderType,
            Code: ICMPHeaderSubtype,
        },
    }
    ipv4Packet := &IPv4Packet{
        Header: IPv4Header{
            VersionIHL:     versionIHL,
            DSCPAndECN:     0,
            Identification: 0,
            FlagsAndOffset: 0,
            TTL:            64,
            Protocol:       IcmpProtocolNumber,
            SourceIP:       p.SourceIP,
            DestinationIP:  p.DestIP,
        },
        Payload: icmpPacket,
    }
    ipv4Packet.Header.Length = 40

    bytes, err := json.Marshal(icmpPacket)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting ICMP packet to bytes")
    }

    icmpPacket.Header.Checksum = calculateChecksum(bytes)

    bytes, err = json.Marshal(ipv4Packet)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting IPv4 packet to bytes")
    }

    ipv4Packet.Header.Checksum = calculateChecksum(bytes)

    return ipv4Packet, nil
}

func calculateChecksum(data []byte) uint16 {
    sum := uint32(0)

    // creating 16 bit words
    for i := 0; i < len(data)-1; i++ {
        word := uint32(data[i])<<8 | uint32(data[i+1])
        sum += word
    }
    if len(data)%2 == 1 {
        sum += uint32(data[len(data)-1])
    }

    // adding carry bits with lower 16 bits
    for (sum >> 16) > 0 {
        sum = (sum & 0xffff) + (sum >> 16)
    }

    // taking one's compliment
    checksum := ^sum
    return uint16(checksum)
}

func (p *NativePinger) ResolveAddress(dest string) error {
    ips, err := net.LookupIP(dest)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving address of remote host")
    }

    for _, ip := range ips {
        if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil {
            p.DestIP = ipv4.String()
        }
    }

    // The destination address does not need to exist as unlike tcp, udp does not require a handshake.
    // The goal here is to retrieve the outbound IP. Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/37382208/3728336
    //
    conn, err := net.Dial("udp", "8.8.8.8:80")
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving outbound ip address of local machine")
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    p.SourceIP = conn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr).IP.String()

    return nil
}

func (p *NativePinger) Ping(host string) error {
    if err := p.ResolveAddress(host); err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving source/destination addresses")
    }

    packet, err := p.createIPv4Packet()
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error creating IPv4Packet")
    }

    conn, err := net.Dial("ip4:icmp", packet.Header.DestinationIP)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error eshtablishing connection with %s", host)
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    bytes, err := json.Marshal(packet)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting IPv4 packet into bytes")
    }

    _, err = conn.Write(bytes)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error sending ICMP echo request")
    }

    buff := make([]byte, 2048)
    _, err = conn.Read(buff) // The implementation doesn't proceed beyond this point
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error receiving ICMP echo response")
    }

    return nil
}

</code>

自省

我不确定数据包的畸形是由单一原因还是多种原因造成的。我觉得问题出在这两个地方之一（或两者？）：

标头长度计算不正确 我手动计算的长度为 40 字节（wordsize = 4 字节）。按照可防止结构体损坏的顺序编写结构体字段。我参考这个来源来了解各种类型的大小。

<code>// 1 word (4 bytes)
type ICMPHeader struct {
    Type     uint8  // 8 bit
    Code     uint8  // 8 bit
    Checksum uint16 // 16 bit
}

// 3 words (3*4 = 12 bytes)
type ICMPPacket struct {
    Header  ICMPHeader  // 1 word
    Payload interface{} // 2 words
}

// 7 words (7*4 = 28 bytes)
type IPv4Header struct {
    // Below group takes 4 words (each string takes 2 words)
    SourceIP      string
    DestinationIP string

    // Following group takes 2 words (each 16 bits)
    Length         uint16
    Identification uint16
    FlagsAndOffset uint16
    Checksum       uint16

    // Below group takes 1 word (each takes 8 bits)
    VersionIHL uint8
    DSCPAndECN uint8
    TTL        uint8
    Protocol   uint8
}

// 10 words (40 bytes)
type IPv4Packet struct {
    Header  IPv4Header // 7 words as calculated above
    Payload ICMPPacket // 3 words as calculated above
}
</code>