MySQL数据库学习之排序与单行处理函数详解

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1.排序

示例表内容见此篇文章

Mysql支持数据排序操作，例如，现在我们按照工资从小到大进行排序操作：

mysql> select ename,sal from emp order by sal;
+--------+---------+
| ename  | sal     |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |
+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

如果需要降序排序的话，需要指定desc：（默认为升序排序，如果您进行指定的话，指定为asc即可）

mysql> select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
+--------+---------+
| ename  | sal     |
+--------+---------+
| KING   | 5000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |
+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

更复杂的情况，为多字段排序：

比如我们想按照薪资升序排列，薪资一样的情况下，按照名字降序排序：

mysql> select ename,sal from emp order by sal,ename desc;
+--------+---------+
| ename  | sal     |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |
+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

排序结合条件进行查找：

要求找出薪资在1250到3500之间，按照薪资降序排序：

mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal between 1250 and 3500 order by sal desc;
+--------+---------+
| ename  | sal     |
+--------+---------+
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
+--------+---------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.单行处理函数

处理完一行再处理下一行：（一个输入对应一个输出）

内容转小写

mysql> select lower(ename) from emp;
+--------------+
| lower(ename) |
+--------------+
| smith        |
| allen        |
| ward         |
| jones        |
| martin       |
| blake        |
| clark        |
| scott        |
| king         |
| turner       |
| adams        |
| james        |
| ford         |
| miller       |
+--------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

内容转大写

mysql> select upper(ename) from emp;
+--------------+
| upper(ename) |
+--------------+
| SMITH        |
| ALLEN        |
| WARD         |
| JONES        |
| MARTIN       |
| BLAKE        |
| CLARK        |
| SCOTT        |
| KING         |
| TURNER       |
| ADAMS        |
| JAMES        |
| FORD         |
| MILLER       |
+--------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

取子串

例如：我们想要取到每个名字的第一个字母：

mysql> select substr(ename,1,1) from emp;
+-------------------+
| substr(ename,1,1) |
+-------------------+
| S                 |
| A                 |
| W                 |
| J                 |
| M                 |
| B                 |
| C                 |
| S                 |
| K                 |
| T                 |
| A                 |
| J                 |
| F                 |
| M                 |
+-------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

字符串拼接

拼接每个人的empno和ename：

mysql> select concat(empno,ename) from emp;
+---------------------+
| concat(empno,ename) |
+---------------------+
| 7369SMITH           |
| 7499ALLEN           |
| 7521WARD            |
| 7566JONES           |
| 7654MARTIN          |
| 7698BLAKE           |
| 7782CLARK           |
| 7788SCOTT           |
| 7839KING            |
| 7844TURNER          |
| 7876ADAMS           |
| 7900JAMES           |
| 7902FORD            |
| 7934MILLER          |
+---------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

求长度

取出每个人名字的字符数：

mysql> select length(ename) from emp;
+---------------+
| length(ename) |
+---------------+
|             5 |
|             5 |
|             4 |
|             5 |
|             6 |
|             5 |
|             5 |
|             5 |
|             4 |
|             6 |
|             5 |
|             5 |
|             4 |
|             6 |
+---------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

去除前后空白

查询名字为KING的详细信息，不包含前后空白：

mysql> select * from emp where ename = trim('KING ');
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
|  7839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

四舍五入

对123.456保留0位小数

mysql> select round(123.456,0) from emp;
+------------------+
| round(123.456,0) |
+------------------+
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
|              123 |
+------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

生成随机数

生成0到1的随机小数：

mysql> select rand() from emp;
+---------------------+
| rand()              |
+---------------------+
| 0.06316715857309024 |
|  0.5963954959031152 |
|  0.7924760345299505 |
| 0.17319371567405176 |
| 0.48854050551405226 |
|   0.923121411281751 |
|  0.1499855706002429 |
|  0.9805636498896066 |
|  0.4528615683809496 |
|  0.3226169229695731 |
| 0.25449994043866164 |
|   0.304648964018234 |
|    0.75974502950883 |
|  0.8847782862230933 |
+---------------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

空转换

数据库中对于NULL进行运算结果一定为NULL 于是就有了NULL处理函数

例如：计算每个员工的年收入（月薪+月奖金）：

mysql> select ename,job,sal,
    -> (case job when 'MANAGER' then sal*1.1 when 'SALESMAN' then sal*1.5 else sal*1.2 end) as newsal
    -> from emp;
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| ename  | job       | sal     | newsal  |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| SMITH  | CLERK     |  800.00 |  960.00 |
| ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 1600.00 | 2400.00 |
| WARD   | SALESMAN  | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| JONES  | MANAGER   | 2975.00 | 3272.50 |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 2850.00 | 3135.00 |
| CLARK  | MANAGER   | 2450.00 | 2695.00 |
| SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 3000.00 | 3600.00 |
| KING   | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 | 6000.00 |
| TURNER | SALESMAN  | 1500.00 | 2250.00 |
| ADAMS  | CLERK     | 1100.00 | 1320.00 |
| JAMES  | CLERK     |  950.00 | 1140.00 |
| FORD   | ANALYST   | 3000.00 | 3600.00 |
| MILLER | CLERK     | 1300.00 | 1560.00 |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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