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msyql笔记 - 子查询

来源：SegmentFault 2023-01-28 21:30:44 0浏览收藏

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msyql笔记 - 子查询

子查询比较好理解
子查询是比较容易出问题的写法
5.6以前子查询的性能不好

子查询的写法，通常来说只会用IN子查询，ANY，SOME，ALL几乎不用，只在某些场景下会用

 operand comparison_operator ANY (subquery)
 operand IN (subquery)
 operand comparison_operator SOME (subquery)
 operand comparison_operator ALL (subquery)

子查询的使用

ANY关键词的意思是“对于在子查询返回的列中的任一数值，如果比较结果为TRUE的话，则返回TRUE

 select s1 from t1 where s1 > any (select s1 from t2);
 SOME = ANY

 IN equals = ANY
 select s1 from t1 where s1 = any (select s1 from t2);

使用子查询和内连join的一些区别

 insert into b select 2;
 select x from a where x in (select y from b);
 select x from a,b where a.x = b.y;

IN语句在取出数据之后会对取出的数据进行一次去重(1,2,2) ->(1,2)，然后会判断是不是在(1,2)里而不会问是不是在(1,2,2)里，所以要看b中的y是不是唯一的，如果是唯一的用join问题不大，如果不是唯一的就会出现问题

 select x from a where x in (select y from b);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 +------+
 
 select x from a,b where a.x = b.y;
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 +------+
 
 insert into b select 2;
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
 Records: 1  Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
 
 select x from a where x in (select y from b);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 +------+
 
 select x from a,b where a.x = b.y;
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 |    2 |
 +------+

使用派生表解决这个join的问题，先通过一个子查询的结果产生派生表c，其中使用distinct关键词进行去重，最后再join

 select * from a,(select distinct y from b) c where a.x = c.y;

 insert into b select NULL;
 select * from a where a.x not in (select y from b);
 Empty set (0.00 sec) -- b中插入null值的时候，a表中3这个结果没有了
 
 delete from b where y is NULL;
 select * from a where a.x not in (select y from b);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    3 |
 +------+
  
 select a.x from a left join (select distinct y from b) c on a.x = c.y where c.y is null; -- 取出在a表中但是不在b表中的值，哪怕此时b表中包含了1,2,2,NULL这样的值
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    3 |
 +------+
   
 select * from a where a.x not in (select y from b where y is not null);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    3 |
 +------+

所以在建表的时候默认值为null的话可能会有一些潜在的坑，比如

 select 3 not in (1,2,2,NULL);  -- 返回NULL值，也就是上面的not in语句为什么不返回数据的原因
 select 3 not in (1,2,3); -- 返回1也就是TRUE

EXISTS谓词

仅返回TRUE, FALSE
UNKNOWN返回FALSE
不会返回NULL值，not in则返回0和NULL值

 SELECT customerid, companyname
 FROM customers AS A
 WHERE country = 'Spain'
  AND EXISTS
      (SELECT * FROM orders AS B
          WHERE A.customerid = B.customerid)

EXISTS => IN 写法

 SELECT customerid, companyname
 FROM customers AS A
 WHERE country = 'Spain'
  AND customerid IN (SELECT customerid FROM orders);

 select * from a where a.x in (select y from b);
 =>
 select * from a where exists (select * from b where a.x = b.y);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 +------+

子查询最大的一个优势是易于理解，另外需要理解的一个重点

 select * from a where exists (select 1 from b where a.x = b.y);
 select * from a where exists (select NULL from b where a.x = b.y);
 返回的结果集还是一样的
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 +------+

因为exists表示的是这条语句取出来有没有结果，但是这个结果值是1还是有多个列组成还是这个结果只是返回一个NULL值都没有关系，都表示的是返回了一行记录，表示的是有没有一行记录返回，因为如果这个条件不匹配的话是任何一条记录也不返回的。哪怕是null也会返回一行null的结果集，所以使用null也是成立的，主要是根据判断条件来进行判断，结果集只要有就可以了，另外exists里的语句依旧不推荐使用select ＊

NOT EXISTS

NOT EXISTS 同样也只返回0和1

 select * from b;
 +------+
 | y    |
 +------+
 |    1 |
 |    2 |
 |    2 |
 | NULL |
 +------+
 select * from a where a.x not in (select y from b);
 Empty set (0.01 sec)
 select * from a where not exists (select * from b where a.x = b.y);
 +------+
 | x    |
 +------+
 |    3 |
 +------+

in和exists，not in和not exists基本上是一样的，但是带了NULL值后就不一样了，这是两者之间的差别

IN EXISTS 性能比较

5.6版本之前mysql对in子查询的优化是不完善的，所有的in会被优化重写成exists，这种查询重写效果是不好的

 SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE t1.a IN (SELECT b FROM  t2);
 SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE
  EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t2.b = t1.a);

子查询的优化，这里IN和EXISTS的性能差距是很大的

 -- 每月最后实际订单日期发生的订单
 SELECT 
     *
 FROM
     dbt3.orders
 WHERE
     o_orderdate IN (SELECT 
             MAX(o_orderdate)
         FROM
             dbt3.orders b
         GROUP BY (DATE_FORMAT(o_orderdate, '%Y%M')));
  -- 这里IN的GROUP BY只执行一次
 
 -- EXISTS写法
 
 SELECT 
     *
 FROM
     dbt3.orders a
 WHERE
     EXISTS( SELECT 
             MAX(o_orderdate)
         FROM
             dbt3.orders b
         GROUP BY (DATE_FORMAT(o_orderdate, '%Y%M'))
         HAVING MAX(o_orderdate) = a.o_orderdate);
 -- 这里EXISTS的GROUP BY会执行很多次，这里的问题在于group by要执行太多次，如果有10w行记录，group by也要执行10万次，也就是100w次的数据扫描。因为后面这条exists是相关子查询，每一次执行子查询都需要跟外表中的数据去关联。
 
 -- 派生表的IN写法
 SELECT 
     *
 FROM
     dbt3.orders a,
     (SELECT 
         MAX(o_orderdate) o_orderdate
     FROM
         dbt3.orders
     GROUP BY (DATE_FORMAT(o_orderdate, '%Y%M'))) b
 WHERE
     a.o_orderdate = b.o_orderdate;

所以这里IN的性能是要比EXISTS高很多的

一些例子

求出当前employees当前员工的级别、然后titles、目前的薪资

 SELECT 
     CONCAT(e.first_name,     , e.last_name) AS name,
     d.dept_name,
     s.salary,
     t.title
 FROM
     employees e
         LEFT JOIN
     dept_manager dm ON e.emp_no = dm.emp_no
         INNER JOIN
     dept_emp de ON e.emp_no = de.emp_no
         INNER JOIN
     departments d ON d.dept_no = de.dept_no
         INNER JOIN
     salaries s ON s.emp_no = e.emp_no
      INNER JOIN
  titles t ON e.emp_no = t.emp_no
 WHERE
     dm.emp_no IS NULL;
 -- 这样是不正确的，因为salaries表中的数据是历史数据，每次薪资变动都会有一条记录，不同的时间区间会有不同的salary，所以产生了一对多的关系；同样的departments中的dept_name也有同样的问题

取出当前员工最大的to_date

 SELECT 
     emp_no, title
 FROM
     titles
 WHERE
     (emp_no , to_date) IN (SELECT 
             emp_no, MAX(to_date)
         FROM
             titles
         GROUP BY emp_no,to_date)
 ORDER BY emp_no
 LIMIT 10;
 +--------+--------------------+
 | emp_no | title              |
 +--------+--------------------+
 |  10013 | Senior Staff       |
 |  10048 | Engineer           |
 |  10064 | Staff              |
 |  10070 | Technique Leader   |
 |  10363 | Assistant Engineer |
 |  10364 | Senior Engineer    |
 |  10372 | Technique Leader   |
 |  10426 | Technique Leader   |
 |  10469 | Senior Engineer    |
 |  10632 | Technique Leader   |
 +--------+--------------------+
  
 SELECT 
     emp_no, salary
 FROM
     salaries
 WHERE
     (emp_no , to_date) IN (SELECT 
             emp_no, MAX(to_date)
         FROM
             salaries
         GROUP BY emp_no)
 LIMIT 10;
 +--------+--------+
 | emp_no | salary |
 +--------+--------+
 |  13049 |  60266 |
 |  14688 |  42041 |
 |  15509 |  43807 |
 |  16012 |  76142 |
 |  18061 |  57737 |
 |  20869 |  40000 |
 |  21610 |  81589 |
 |  24040 |  40000 |
 |  24673 |  49838 |
 |  24861 |  68066 |
 +--------+--------+

完结版

 SELECT 
     e.emp_no,
     CONCAT(last_name, ' ', first_name) AS name,
     t.title,
     dp.dept_name,
     s.salary
 FROM
     employees e
         LEFT JOIN
     dept_manager d ON e.emp_no = d.emp_no
         LEFT JOIN
     (SELECT 
         emp_no, title
     FROM
         titles
     WHERE
         (emp_no , to_date) IN (SELECT 
                 emp_no, MAX(to_date)
             FROM
                 titles
             GROUP BY emp_no)) t ON t.emp_no = e.emp_no
         LEFT JOIN
     (SELECT 
         dept_no, emp_no, MAX(to_date)
     FROM
         dept_emp
     GROUP BY emp_no) de ON de.emp_no = e.emp_no
         LEFT JOIN
     (SELECT 
         emp_no, salary
     FROM
         salaries
     WHERE
         (emp_no , to_date) IN (SELECT 
                 emp_no, MAX(to_date)
             FROM
                 salaries
             GROUP BY emp_no)) s ON s.emp_no = e.emp_no
         LEFT JOIN
     departments dp ON dp.dept_no = de.dept_no
 WHERE
     d.emp_no IS NULL;