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如何使用 Laravel 创建 REST API

来源：dev.to 2024-12-02 14:36:49 0浏览收藏

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您好！在本教程中，我们将在 laravel 中构建一个完整的 rest api 来管理任务。我将指导您完成从设置项目到创建自动化测试的基本步骤。

第 1 步：项目设置

创建一个新的 laravel 项目：

composer create-project laravel/laravel task-api
cd task-api
code .

配置数据库：
在 .env 文件中，设置数据库配置：

db_database=task_api
db_username=your_username
db_password=your_password

生成任务表：
运行命令为任务表创建新的迁移：

php artisan make:migration create_tasks_table --create=tasks

在迁移文件（database/migrations/xxxx_xx_xx_create_tasks_table.php）中，定义表结构：

<?php

use illuminate\database\migrations\migration;
use illuminate\database\schema\blueprint;
use illuminate\support\facades\schema;

return new class extends migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        schema::create('tasks', function (blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('title');
            $table->text('description')->nullable();
            $table->boolean('completed')->default(false);
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        schema::dropifexists('tasks');
    }
};

运行迁移以创建表：

php artisan migrate

第 2 步：创建模型和控制器

为任务创建模型和控制器：

php artisan make:model task
php artisan make:controller taskcontroller --api

定义任务模型（app/models/task.php）：

<?php

namespace app\models;

use illuminate\database\eloquent\factories\hasfactory;
use illuminate\database\eloquent\model;

class task extends model
{
    use hasfactory;

    protected $fillable = ['title', 'description', 'completed'];
}

第 3 步：定义 api 路由

在routes/api.php文件中，添加taskcontroller的路由：

<?php

use app\http\controllers\taskcontroller;
use illuminate\support\facades\route;

route::apiresource('tasks', taskcontroller::class);

第四步：在taskcontroller中实现crud

在taskcontroller中，我们将实现基本的crud方法。

<?php

namespace app\http\controllers;

use app\models\task;
use illuminate\http\request;

class taskcontroller extends controller
{
    public function index()
    {
        $tasks = task::all();
        return response()->json($tasks, 200);
    }

    public function store(request $request)
    {
        $request->validate([
            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'description' => 'nullable|string'
        ]);
        $task = task::create($request->all());
        return response()->json($task, 201);
    }

    public function show(task $task)
    {
        return response()->json($task, 200);
    }

    public function update(request $request, task $task)
    {
        $request->validate([
            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'description' => 'nullable|string',
            'completed' => 'boolean'
        ]);
        $task->update($request->all());
        return response()->json($task, 201);
    }

    public function destroy(task $task)
    {
        $task->delete();
        return response()->json(null, 204);
    }
}

步骤 5：测试端点（vs code）

现在我们将使用名为 rest client 的 vs code 扩展手动测试每个端点 (https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemname=humao.rest-client)。如果您愿意，您还可以使用失眠或邮递员！

安装扩展程序后，在项目文件夹中创建一个包含以下内容的 .http 文件：

### create new task
post http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json

{
    "title": "study laravel"
}

### show tasks
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json

### show task
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json

### update task
put http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json

{
    "title": "study laravel and docker",
    "description": "we are studying!",
    "completed": false
}

### delete task
delete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json

此文件可让您使用 rest 客户端 扩展直接从 vs code 发送请求，从而轻松测试 api 中的每个路由。

第 6 步：测试 api

接下来，让我们创建测试以确保每条路线按预期工作。

首先，为任务模型创建一个工厂：

php artisan make:factory taskfactory

<?php

namespace database\factories;

use illuminate\database\eloquent\factories\factory;

class taskfactory extends factory
{
    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'title' => fake()->sentence(),
            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
            'completed' => false,
        ];
    }
}

phpunit 配置：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/xmlschema-instance"
    xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
    bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
    colors="true"
>
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="unit">
            <directory>tests/unit</directory>
        </testsuite>
        <testsuite name="feature">
            <directory>tests/feature</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <source>
        <include>
            <directory>app</directory>
        </include>
    </source>
    <php>
        <env name="app_env" value="testing" />
        <env name="bcrypt_rounds" value="4" />
        <env name="cache_driver" value="array" />
        <env name="db_connection" value="sqlite" />
        <env name="db_database" value=":memory:" />
        <env name="mail_mailer" value="array" />
        <env name="pulse_enabled" value="false" />
        <env name="queue_connection" value="sync" />
        <env name="session_driver" value="array" />
        <env name="telescope_enabled" value="false" />
    </php>
</phpunit>

创建集成测试：

php artisan make:test taskapitest

在tests/feature/taskapitest.php文件中，实现测试：

<?php

namespace tests\feature;

use app\models\task;
use illuminate\foundation\testing\refreshdatabase;
use tests\testcase;

class taskapitest extends testcase
{
    use refreshdatabase;

    public function test_can_create_task(): void
    {
        $response = $this->postjson('/api/tasks', [
            'title' => 'new task',
            'description' => 'task description',
            'completed' => false,
        ]);

        $response->assertstatus(201);

        $response->assertjson([
            'title' => 'new task',
            'description' => 'task description',
            'completed' => false,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_can_list_tasks()
    {
        task::factory()->count(3)->create();

        $response = $this->getjson('/api/tasks');

        $response->assertstatus(200);

        $response->assertjsoncount(3);
    }

    public function test_can_show_task()
    {
        $task = task::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->getjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");

        $response->assertstatus(200);

        $response->assertjson([
            'title' => $task->title,
            'description' => $task->description,
            'completed' => false,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_can_update_task()
    {
        $task = task::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->putjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}", [
            'title' => 'update task',
            'description' => 'update description',
            'completed' => true,
        ]);

        $response->assertstatus(201);

        $response->assertjson([
            'title' => 'update task',
            'description' => 'update description',
            'completed' => true,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_can_delete_task()
    {
        $task = task::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->deletejson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");

        $response->assertstatus(204);

        $this->assertdatabasemissing('tasks', ['id' => $task->id]);
    }
}

运行测试：